Cadbury Is A Brand With A Long History Marketing Essay

Cadbury Is A Brand With A Long History Marketing Essay Cadbury is a brand with a long history in New Zealand and a passionate commitment to making everyone feel happy. Cadbury  is a  confectionery  company owned by  Kraft Foods. Its main  headquarter is in London, United Kingdom, and the company operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. John Cadbury shaped the business in 1824 on the name of Cadbury. The business started as a shop in a fashionable place in Birmingham. It sold things such as tea and coffee, mustard and a new sideline cocoa and drinking chocolate, which John Cadbury prepared him using a mortar and pestle.   In 1847 a large factory was rented in Bridge  Street Birmingham. In the mean time John Cadbury was joined by his  brother Benjamin and the name of the business became Cadbury Brothers  of Birmingham.  (Wikipedia, 2010) In 1866 when the brothers  introduced the process of pressing the cocoa butter out of the cocoa  beans. The benefits for the Cadbury brothers was that they could use  the butter to make different types of eating chocolate the first of which was the Cadburys dairy milk.   A description of Cadburys and their aims and objectives Cadbury is an international company that makes market and sells unique brands chocolate. Cadbury have done this successfully for over 200 years. The reason they are so successful is because they have a clear understanding of the needs of their consumers, customers and other stakeholders.   Dunedin is a major centre for Cadbury Schweppes in the region, with the site playing host to Cadbury World and being a major production and distribution centre. (Coursework, 2003) Product and services   Dunedin is a major centre for Cadbury Schweppes in New Zealand and major production of Cadbury chocolates are done here. It is also called a major distribution centre of Chocolate. Some of the major products brands produced by Cadbury includes : Bars  Dairy Milk,  Crunchie,  Caramel,  Wispa,  Boost,  Picnic,  Flake,  Curly Wurly,  Chomp, and  Fudge; chocolate  Buttons; the boxed chocolate brand  Milk Tray and the twist-wrapped chocolates  Heroes. As well as Cadburys chocolate, the company also owns  Maynards  and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassetts brands or products such as Liquorices Allsorts,  Jelly Babies,  Flumps,  Mints,  Dolly Mix,  Black Jack  chews,  Trident gum, and Soft mints.( Indiamart, 2012) Market of interests Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the most dominant player in chocolate confectionery in New Zealand. The company rebounded from negative media attention in 2009 to reclaim a lost percentage point in value share during 2010, to account for 52%, making it by far the largest player in chocolate confectionery. (Euro monitor, 2011) Chocolate is now one of the best sweet for everyone`s. It includes cocoa in it because of which it seems dark and sweet. The first is the growing share that high-cocoa dark chocolate makes up of the estimated $350 million to $400m of chocolate each year. (Wikipedia, 2012)It changes the tastes of chocolates to darker, richer chocolate the 72% cocoa content Dark Ghana slabs are now Whittakers biggest seller, while 70% cocoa Old Gold is Cadburys fastest-growing line mirrors our increasingly sophisticated taste for everything from coffee and tea, to olive oil and wine. (Whitakers, 2012) Scarborough Fair, which is owned by a consortium of small, private investors in New Zealand and sources its cocoa from Peru, is aiming to foot it in the same large-format bar that has been so successful for Cadbury and Whittaker. Though its bars are slightly lighter (180g compared to 250g), they take up the same footprint on the shelf and the price per gram is only 2.3c, compared to the 1.9c for the dominant players in the supermarket slab market, in which Cadbury has a roughly 70% share, followed by Whittakers which claims roughly a 20% share. (Wikinvest, 2012) Cadbury plc (NYSE:CBY) is  confectionery  company that makes 7.3% of the worlds  chocolate  (by dollar volume), 27% of the worlds gum, and 7.4% of its candy. Australia and New Zealand are CBYs largest markets in the region.  CBY leads the Australian confectionery market with a number one share in chocolate at 53%.  (Wikinvest, 2012)Cadburys main chocolate brand in Australia is Cadbury Dairy Milk and in New Zealand, brands include Cadbury Dairy Milk and Moro. CBY has a number one position in New Zealands confectionery market with a 47% share. Image:CBY_Revenue_and_Net_Profit.jpg (Source: Wikinvest, 2010) Participates in the Global Competitive Marketplace global-confectionery-market-share.ashx.jpeg Trends Cadbury plc, the producer of the Dairy Milk brand has reported a 6 per cent increase in profits last year. The increase in the sales was due to the increase in the marketing investment in the Dairy Milk products. The marketing budget was increased from $87m last year to $120m, which is up 10.8% in respect to sales. Marketing indeed has helped the confectionary company gross a good deal of profit in this global economic storm. (Cadbury, 2012) Cadburys most known brands, Dairy Milk, Halls and Trident helped boost growth by 11 percent. Dairy Milk with its finger licking chocolates obviously was a good performer in the Cadbury headquarters, London. Cadbury chocolates especially Dairy milk makes use of less cocoa in its production thats why its taste is not bitter and colour is not so as dark like other chocolates. So mostly the kids and the adults too opt for this chocolate as their sweet dish only because of its quality and taste. Cadbury is indeed a good example of how marketing strategies can help turn an unfavorable situation in to a favorable one. (Cadbury, 2012) Other Issue Adverse weather conditions have brought about global shortages for raw materials such as sugar and dairy products. Furthermore, political tensions in the Ivory Coast (where most of the worlds cocoa comes from) have pushed up the prices for cocoa. Consequently global commodity prices have surged which had a negative impact on chocolate confectionery manufacturers. Unlike other manufacturers, chocolate confectionery manufacturers have found it difficult to pass on price increases to consumers, given the predominant supermarket strategy to employ promotional pricing. (Euromonitor, 2011).Consequently, individual manufacturers are faced with the decision to either internalize cost increases to secure consumer demand and continue selling products on promotion or pass such costs onto consumers with the potential consequence of losing consumer demand to competitors. The strategy employed by manufacturers depended largely on whether they produced premium chocolate products or not. Premium cho colate product manufacturers found it easier to pass on cost increases, due to the higher price points of their products. Conversely, other manufacturers preferred to internalize their cost increases as much as possible. (Euromonitor, 2011) External Environment impacts Technology The special taste and texture of Cadbury chocolate is based on long traditions of expertise in chocolate recipe and processing methods unique to Cadbury. In this competitive era and due to advancement in science, technologies are improving and getting more reliable for the people and new technology enables the process to be highly tuned to consumers evolving tastes and preferences. Chocolate production is a highly sophisticated, computer controlled process, with much of the new specialist technology and machinery being produced to Cadburys own design and specification. The Dunedin facility employs over 700 personnel and produces in excess of 5,000t of chocolate crumb every year as well as finished products. (Cadbury, 2012). The factory is the largest chocolate manufacturing plant in New Zealand. It supplies finished products for the domestic markets in New Zealand and Australia and, in addition, exports chocolate crumb to Cadbury finishing plants in Australia, Pakistan and China. Dunedin in New Zealand was chosen by Cadbury because of its excellent infrastructure and a plentiful supply of rich milk for chocolate production. Chocolate crumb is a commodity that is in demand globally as the consumption of chocolate per capita worldwide increases to record levels. (Tourism.net, 2012) Political Cadbury food labeling laws are very precise about what can and cannot be called chocolate. Chocolate is any product made from cocoa nibs, cocoa mass, cocoa, fat-reduced cocoa or any combination of two or more of these ingredients, with or without extracted cocoa butter and sucrose. Dark Chocolate must not contain less than 35% total dry cocoa solids, of which at least 14% must be dry non-fat cocoa solids. Milk chocolate must either be 20:20, with a minimum of 20% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 20% milk solids (minimum 5% milk fat). Dairy Milk is this type of milk chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) 14:25, with a minimum of 25% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 14% milk solids (minimum 3.5% milk fat). This type of milk chocolate can be called European or coating chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) The Food Standards Agency is responsible for checking that the law is upheld on the safety of materials that come into contact with food (e.g. food processing machinery and packaging) and food labeling. Labels must contain certain information, e.g. the product`s name, the companys name, a list of ingredients, special storage instructions). Companies have to make sure they know what the law is and that they conform to it. Two important laws are: Food Safety Act, 1990 Sale and Supply of Goods Act, 1994 Covers four main areas: Goods must: 1. Labeling 1. Be of a satisfactory quality 2. Additives 2. Fit the description given 3. Composition (or content) 3. Be fit for their purpose as made known to the seller 4. Public health and hygiene. (Source: Skillsspace, 2012) Economics Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate is the leader chocolate in overall New Zealand. It will now include Fair trade Certified products in its range. Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate products becoming Fair trade Certified will increase Fair trade chocolate sales 20 fold, and double last years total sales of Fair trade Certified products in New Zealand and Australia. The scale of Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate going Fair trade is massive with more than 5.7 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks in New Zealand and estimated 350 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks globally in 2010. (Cadbury, 2012). The move is the result of nearly two years of work with Cadburys Fair trade partners globally. It follows more than 100 years of pioneering ethical chocolate production, including the ground-breaking Cadbury Cocoa Partnership where Cadbury is providing NZ$120 million over 10 years to improve the lives of cocoa farmers. (ChocolateCarnival, 2009) Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In the wake of rising operating and ingredient costs, Cadbury is reducing manufacturing costs so its products remain affordable at the checkout. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Dunedin upgrade into a world class specialist manufacturing facility is almost complete and it will make iconic products such as Cadbury Jaffas, Pascall Pineapple Lumps, Cadbury Chocolate Fish, Cadbury Pinky, and boxed chocolates for Australia and New Zealand as well as chocolate crumb, the base ingredient in Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate.(Cadburyworld, 2012) Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury, 2012) Social culture The culture of Cadburys started out being paternalistic as the company was devoted to making its employees feel welcome and valued within the company. Cadburys relied on its staff very heavily as without a vast employee base the company would not be the big corporation it is today. Cadburys built their famous Bourneville site along with accommodation for gaining the attractions of an employee so the workforce would be close to their place of business. Along with this the factory was built in the middle of a garden so when employees had finished work or were on a break they had somewhere to relax as well as socialize with other colleges on a Sunday as the factory was closed. Today Cadburys have become a company who has a culture, which is interested in keeping its stakeholders happy. Along with this and the advancement in technology Cadburys have now lost its broad employee range and replaced it with machines and now only employ enough staff to keep the machines going. By being stakeholder driven the company has now become controlled by shareholders who are mainly interested in the company making a profit. (123helpme, 2011) Demography Demography is the main thing if someone is selling the products. Cadbury, from his very beginning, has a same focus on his demography factors. Cadbury focuses on all the people whether its a child, youngsters, teenagers or oldies. The story starts with Once upon a time in 1948à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ when Cadbury entered the Indian market. It originated from a town in the United Kingdom, Bourneville in 1905. (Cadbury, 2012) As the Cadburys official web site suggests, its journey in India has been an eventful one. In the early 1990s, it tried to cater to the sweet tooth of the children. Those days they steered the market and took control over the companys major market share. However, the strategy changed by letting out the secret that Everyone has a child inside and thus everyone craves for the taste of chocolate. Cadbury strategies went through a considerable change. It now catered from children to adults. There is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. But nowadays the people are suffering with diabetes. So the diabetic segment people started use of less chocolate or sugar free thing. Diabetes: Diabetes occurs when there is too much glucose (sugar) in the blood. Over time, this can cause damage to many parts of the body. Diabetes is common about 170,000 people in New Zealand have diabetes and rising rapidly as more of us are getting fatter. Based on the most likely future scenario, the diabetes epidemic is forecast to grow rapidly over the 15 years from 1996 to 2011. (Healthnavigator, 2012) Forecast increase in number of (diagnosed) diabetics, 1996 to 2011 (Source: Healthnavigator, 2012) Economy In December 2006 Cadbury Schweppes, the well-known confectionery manufacturer, announced the expansion of its operation in New Zealand on the South Island in the city of Dunedin. The expansion project required a total investment of NZ$69m (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39m). (Cadburyworld, 2012). In August 2008, an additional investment was announced taking the total amount of investment in the project to NZ$69m. Part of the investment was contributed through the Investment New Zealand Strategic Investment Fund. This amount was around NZ$2m and was granted ostensibly for Cadbury to establish an international chocolate crumb research and product development centre at the Dunedin site. (Tourism, 2012) Cadbury contributed a further NZ$17.5m for new buildings, plant and environmental work. The company provided a further NZ$500,000 for the RD centre. (Foodprocessing, 2012). Contractors working for Cadbury Schweppes included Production Logistics NZ for control system integration and software development for the manufacturing control systems. Streak Automation has also worked on the Pack100 Wrapper Automation upgrade that involved the redesign and upgrade of the PLC and servo controls and mechanics for the high-speed wrapping machine, which wraps all of the small-size chocolate at the site. Finally, the manufacturing areas (surfaces, pipes, machinery and ceilings) at Dunedin use a special paint with low volatiles (low odor) to avoid tainting the products. (Foodprocessing-technology, 2011) Competitors: Whittaker In 1890, James Henry Whittaker came to NZ and brought his chocolate knowledge from working for a confectioner in England at 14. Since 1896 he has been making Australasias premium chocolate. Today it is still owned and run by the Whittaker family. All the products are made in the factory in Porirua, Wellington and they source the best ingredients from all around the world. The Whittakers range now includes 65 delicious different treats. (Whittaker, 2012). It is exported to countries such as Singapore, Australia, Vietnam and India. The milk chocolate contains 33% cocoa, compared to their competitor, Cadbury, whose milk chocolate only contains 21% cocoa. The dark chocolate contains 50% to 72% cocoa. The cocoa comes from Ghana and Madagscar so it is some of the best quality chocolate in the world. It is all Halah accredited by FIANZ (excluding Rum and Raisin) and all gluten free (except Kiwifruit Block and Toffee Milks). Milk also isnt an ingredient in the dark chocolate which is great f or the lactose intolerant and for vegans. (Whittaker, 2012) Four P`s Product Packaging Branding Blocks, Slab, Chunks, Sante, Toffee Milk, Bars, Square Dark Ghana Pips Place- Service Stations Super Market Stores Dairys and convenience stores Price- Low price with best quality Promotion- Internet Posters TV advertisements Nestle Henri Nestlà © gave his name to what is now the worlds largest food and beverage business, with over 280,000 employees, 456 factories in 84 countries and sales of more than $140 billion in 2008. In our region, Nestlà © products have been available since the 1880s and in 1885; around 125 years ago, the company was first registered in New Zealand. (Nestle, 2012) Four P`s Product- Bars Blocks Place- Service Stations Super Market Stores Dairys and convenience stores Price- Nestle again decides it price on the basis of competition. The best think about the company nestle is that it is very flexible and it can come down with the price very quickly. Promotion- Advertisements Personal Selling Sales Promotion Publicity and Public Relations Marketing Mixes and Profitability: 1. Whittaker: Whittakers markets a range of 250g Blocks, Slabs, Santà © Bars and Chunks in supermarkets. In the molded Block Chocolate market, Whittakers has made a quantum jump in sales and retail sales for the brand at the end of May 2009 were $17 million with growth of 62.7% pushing sales at the end of May 2010 to $27.6m. This is a market that only grew 12.2% (Aztec Molded Block Market MAT). (Whittaker, 2012) In addition, the company launched two new 250g Block varieties: Dark Peppermint and Milk Madagascar. The Dark Peppermint matches the 72% Dark Ghana with a fresh peppermint fondant, while Milk Madagascar is the first major chocolate block launched in New Zealand using beans from Madagascar. The beans give the chocolate a citrus note with hints of caramel and honey. Both varieties report success and a good reception from consumers. (Stuff, 2012) Whittakers Peanut Slabs, Santà © Bars and Chunks have also shown strong growth in the Enrobed Chocolate market, with sales growing 20.6% over the past 12 months (Aztec Enrobed Market MAT) in a market which grew by 8%. (Whitakers, 2012) 2. Nestle: Henri Nestlà © gave his name to what is now the worlds largest food and beverage business, with over 280,000 employees, 456 factories in 84 countries and sales of more than $140 billion in 2008. In our region, Nestlà © products have been available since the 1880s and in 1885; around 125 years ago, the company was first registered in New Zealand. (Nestle, 2012) Nestlà © Kit Kat is the number one sub brand within the Bar Chunky segment with 14% value share of Bar Chunky in Total Supermarkets, and growing at 27% MAT, well ahead of the Bar segment growth of 11%. (FMCG, 2012). As market leader of this segment Nestlà © continues to invest in Kit Kat communication to shoppers and consumers through a broad spectrum of media including TV, press and online with the Working like a Machine campaign. Also the market leader in white chocolate with good value share (ACNielsen Scan data to 23/05/2010), Nestlà © Milky bar has recently launched No Artificial Colours or Flavours to increase the brands appeal even more. (FMCG, 2012) Graph- From the above research and explanations the marketing positioning of the Cadbury and his competitors are given below in the pie chart. Potential With consumers becoming even more concerned with healthy eating Cadburys would be wise to look into producing a low fat or fat free chocolate range. The advantages of this, as well as the British market, could open a potential US market where people are becoming more aware of healthy eating such as the Atkins diet. (123helpme, 2011) If we talk about Whittaker chocolate, it is one of the chocolate which makes use of large amount cocoa which changes the chocolate into the dark one but large excess of it makes the chocolate bitter as well. There are large numbers of customers who opt for the dark chocolate. But nowadays people goes for a less sugar or sugar free chocolates. So it is must for a Whittaker to get new varieties with less cocoa. But no doubt the main potential of Whittaker is pure coca and cocoa butter with no vegetable fats. Nestle is mainly known for its white chocolate that is milky bar. No other chocolate brand produces such a high growth sale chocolate. (Nestle, 2012) Market Segments: Cadbury the chocolate leader aims to target all individuals who consume chocolate. Thus, it does have any specific segmentation targets. Cadbury chocolates are eaten by people of all ages, sexes, cultures, educational backgrounds, regions and on all occasions. It is not just for a taste but also people taste it on the celebration occasions. However, there is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. For example, a family block (350g) is available for families, Cadbury favourites is available as a gift while Flakes, Crunchie and Cherry Ripe is for individual use. (Chocolatecarnival, 2012) Customers of Cadbury chocolate need a product that satisfies their desire for some quality chocolate. The taste of Cadbury chocolate is the benchmark amongst chocolate lovers. Chocolate is consumed as a snack or after meal desert as well as a gift product for all occasions. Chocolate is gifted during birthdays, special occasions such as Valentines Day and Mothers Day, gifted to guests at a wedding, celebrating victories as well as gifted while visiting relatives and friends. (Chocolatestuff, 2012) But nowadays people are becoming health conscious. With consumers becoming even more concerned with healthy eating Cadbury would be wise to look into producing a low fat or fat free chocolate range. The advantages of this, as well as the Australian market, could open a potential NZ market where people are becoming more aware of healthy eating such as the Atkins diet. But there existed some complaints from the customers that in the Cadbury dairy milk chocolate packet of 200g there was only a 180g so it hit the customer`s mind. (Cadbury, 2012). Then the sale or image of Cadbury got low somehow but then again Cadbury produces new products with different ingredients and again it has attracted the people towards them. And the variation is given below. graph2-300239.jpg This has been a steep learning curve for Cadbury and to their credit; they have really worked to rectify the situation. They reverted to the old recipe in NZ and apologized. However, even their apology to the public didnt go to plan. When Cadbury used large press ads to make apologies for their actions, they neglected the space which caused them all the issues in the first place. As it is found from the New Zealand statistics report that the total number of population is 4,431,043. It includes the entire age sectors group. Out of it 200,000 people have diabetes. So currently the main focus of Cadbury is on the people who are non diabetic 4,231,043. So Cadbury is launching different products to cater the needs of this large mass of people. (stas.gov.nz, 2012) The pie chart shows the sectors of diabetic and non diabetic people and is given below: Internal Environment impacts: Financial analysis Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury.co.nz, 2012) Internal organization and structure Cadbury organization is based on a democratic. Management style decisions are made as a result of a consultation process involving various members of the organization (Cadbury). Cadbury Schweppes also have two different structures. The structure that they use for their board of directors has been re-designed to clarify accountability and enable swifter diction-making. (Quote taken from www.cadburyschweppes.com). Looking at the improved organization structure it is clear to see who is in charge of which departments within the business. (123Helpme, 2012) Looking at Cadburys it is clear to see that the company, over time, has delivered the amount of: Workforce it employees and replaced them with more efficient machines. Outsourcing areas of the company like maintenance and market research. Employees are now multi skilled, thus able to work in more than one area of the business. The company has increased its production and profitability or the restructuring. The Cadbury factories all work independently and the company as a hole is decentralized as each factory uses the resources (E.g. milk) of the country they are in. (123Helpme, 2011) Manufacturing/services processes Flow chart of Process Analysis at Cadbury (Source: Slideshare, 2010) Human Resource- Each of Cadburys factories have a HR department, which deal with the factories demand for: 1. New staff with a good skill level or possible past factory experience. 2. Train new/current staff to be able to use new equipment correctly and efficiently. 3. Help current employees with any problems they may have in their work place. (123Helpme, 2011) 5) Management- Cadburys management style is democratic. This is when all members of staff work together as a team. The managers listen to the other employees ideas and suggestions before they go ahead with decisions. If ideas are found to be achievable and successful by the senior group, then it is taken forward. Then as a team they reach a decision. The approach of this style is that they care and listen to everyone in the teams view and what they think not just their own. This style can be used in both large and small groups. (Cadbury, 2012). It would work well in large motivated groups because they can come to a decision a lot quicker, but in a smaller group they can fail with coming up with a decision amongst themselves and will need real guidance and direction. If a decision cannot be made then a vote will take place and the outcome will be the one with the most votes. This management style is good for Cadbury because it motivates workers; with having power and decision-making and through this it allows them to be involved in the business. (Cadbury, 2012) 6) Research and Development The Science Product Development teams significantly influence the development of strategic plans and initiatives, leading cross functional teams to resolve technical and business challenges. They are relentless champions of continuous improvement, identifying new programs and insights to benefit the business, significantly contributing and influencing the direction of strategic initiatives to leverage us to a sustainable competitive advantage. (Itsyourkindofplace, 2011) Marketing Function Cadbury believes that parents and guardians are the most important influence in the development of children. They do not advertise where children under the age of eight years are likely to be the majority of the audience. They also do not believe that its appropriate to sell our confectionery products through vending machines in primary schools and we will not do so. Cadbury will only provide vending machines in secondary schools when were asked to do so by the education or school authority, and when the products meet nutritional guidelines set by the authority. Cadbury organization is proud of its brands. They provide fun and enjoyment as treats or refreshment, and are valued for their functional benefits. They can be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet and lifestyle. They provide choice by offering variety and through innovation and encourage responsible consumption, as this is central to consumers continuing to enjoy our brands. (Cadbury, 2012) Location- Cadbury is a brand with a long history in New Zealand. Cadbury is a confectionery company owned by Kraft Foods and is the industrys second-largest globally after Mars, Incorporated. Headquartered London, United Kingdom, the company operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It has main branches in Australia, England, New Zealand and South Africa. In New Zealand the main factory is in Dunedin. (Wikipedia, 2012) External Relationship- William was the second son of Richard Cadbury, who has strong Quaker traditions which influenced his whole life. William Cadbury established the Trust soon after his two years as Lord Mayor of Birmingham from 1919 to 1921, wishing to give more help to the causes in which he was interested. One such was the building of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, a medical centre with the space and facilities to bring together the small specialized hospitals scattered throughout Birmingham, giving them the benefit of up to date buildings, shared administration, shared services and hostels for nurses. Through this charity, he also secured several properties for the National Trust. (Bstrust, 2012) Today trustees are guided by William Cadburys concern for the welfare and wellbeing of the i

Jailbreaking an iPod, IPhone, or Ipad Essay -- ios device, cydia

By jailbreaking an iPod, iPhone, iPad, jailbreakers can have more access to an IOS device than a person who owns an unmodified IOS device. I’m going to explain what jailbreak is? When people hear the word jailbreak, they will first think of the traditional jailbreaking which is where convicts escape from a heavy security area like a prison, but that is not the case in today’s modern world of IOS devices also known as idevices. Jailbreaking in electronic terms is where people with knowledge of IOS technology use public software provided by white hat hackers to get access into any compatible device of Apple. Jay Freeman explains how jailbreaking works by the â€Å"removal of the older files of BSD Subsystem† which means that in order to gain jailbreak access, it removes the installed BSD subsystem (UNIX utilities) found on the idevice to replace them with new BSD files that came packaged with a jailbreaking software to install Cydia. (Freeman) You might be wondering, who Jay Freeman (a.k.a Saurik) is and what is a Cydia? He is the creator of Cydia which is an open source app store to give users access to add tweaks such as savegram, f.lux or plugication onto a jailbroken idevice which it makes it an alternative to Apple’s App store which is more closed source since it has no modifications with limited customization by user interactions. By having Cydia installed after a jailbreak, it allows users to search for tweaks by default sources or any installed sources because each day, developers upload new tweaks to sources and if a user has the same source, then Cydia will can show a feed of new uploaded sources. People who use Instagram don’t have the option to save pictures found on Instagram, but with help of savegram, they can which makes... ...orbes Magazine, 27 Dec. 2013. Web. 12 May 2014. . Lee, Timothy. "Jailbreaking now legal under DMCA for smartphones, but not tablets." Ars Technica. Conde Nast Digital, 25 Oct. 2012. Web. 12 May 2014. . Russell, Kyle. "10 Ways Jailbreaking Your iPhone Will Make Life Better." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 29 May 2013. Web. 12 May 2014. . Titlow, Joyn Paul. "12 Really Good Reasons To Jailbreak iOS 6 Right Now."ReadWrite. Ascio Technologies, Inc, 8 Jan. 2013. Web. 12 May 2014. .

“Taking Responsibility”

Robbery, rape, assault, murder, theft, and vandalism: These are just a handful of the crimes committed by children today. Whether the crime be violent or non violent, the crime rate of adolescents under eighteen has increased. Crimes like these have caused people to ponder the question: Should parents be responsible, legally and financially for crimes committed by their children under eighteen? Some believe that parents should not be held accountable for the crime their child commits.Others believe that parents should be responsible for their children’s actions. Parents should be held responsible for their children’s crimes because parents should teach their children what is right from wrong at a young age and they should be more involved in their children’s lives and be concerned with the people and places that he or she is associated with. On the other hand, some people determine that if a child under eighteen commits a crime, their parents should not take resp onsibility for it.When parents discipline a child too much, the child is likely to be rebellious and go against their parents’ wishes. There are parents that have done all that they could and in spite of that, their child gets into criminal activity. The opposing view also believes that even when parents are involved in their child’s life, there are other factors that corrupt a child into committing crime. Society and the media have a great influence on how children act. Peer pressure is another factor that may cause a child to commit a crime.Overall, a parent cannot control their child’s decisions and should not be held liable for their children’s actions. Parents should be held responsible legally and financially for crimes committed by their children under age eighteen because parents should teach their children what is right from wrong at an early age. If parents do not discipline their children for doing the wrong thing, how will their children ever learn from their mistakes? (Rhetorical question) Ministers believe that problems on the street often begin at home.When children have a dysfunctional family or bad influences at home, they are more likely to be involved in criminal activity. If the parents set a bad example for their children they are likely to follow it. It is the parents’ responsibility to let their children know what is not right. If parents make the effort to direct their children toward the right path in life, they will not be misguided or end up following criminal activity. (Cause and effect) If parents do not do their job in teaching their children hat is right from wrong, their children will never learn and assume that it is okay to repeat their false actions. Parents also have the responsibility of elucidating what is right from wrong to their children so that their children can grow up to become successful individuals. Parents should be held responsible legally and financially for the crimes their c hildren commit because parents should be involved in their child’s life and be concerned with the people and places that he or she is associated with.Parents should be familiar with their children’s friends because a child is like a parrot; they repeat the actions of their friends and are easily influenced by them. (Metaphor) If a child is friends with someone who is doing drugs or making bad choices, they are likely to be caught following in their footsteps. It would be wonderful for parents to dump their children in the streets, but they should know where their children are at all times. Satire) Parents need to question their children before they go out: they need to know who they are going to be with and where they are going to be. When parents are informed about the places their children spend time they can contact them and there is a smaller chance that they will be doing something illegal. Therefore, parents should be responsible legally and financially for crime s committed by their children under eighteen because as a parent, their job is to make sure that their children are safe and successful.Parents should have a close or good relationship with their children and they should be concerned with their children’s lives. They must also make the time to get to know the type of people that their children spend time with. If parents do this, not only will they benefit, but their children will benefit as well. Parents will be leading their child to live a pleasant life, striding away from crime and toward a better future. (Tone-Positive)

The eNotes Blog 6 Books to Read After Youve Aced YourAP

6 Books to Read After Youve Aced YourAP Devils, Ghosts, and a Menagerie of Pets Cramming for the AP has ended, you are well on your way to a relaxing summer, and your brain needs something fun to push that scantron form out of your head. After months of reading disembodied passages and stilted interpretations of said passages, I know I was ready to read something that would excite my imagination- something that mattered. Here are six short stories that will get you geared up for fun summer reading. Don’t let the publication date fool you, these stories are just as clever, witty, and captivating as everything on today’s best seller list. And, if your brain has jumped off the analysis train for the summer, we have some easy-to-read annotations throughout these stories to keep you engaged! 1. The Black Cat The Feline Horror Story Author: Edgar Allen Poe Published: 1843 Reading time: 21 minutes Readability: 9th Grade Enter the mind of a mad, drunk, and vile human being as he eloquently justifies his hatred for a housecat. Seriously. Like many of Poe’s other narrators (see â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† or â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†), this one is untrustworthy. He will keep you on your toes as you try to distinguish reality from the narrator’s own twisted truth. Why should you read this? If psychological thrillers fill you with gloomy delight, this story is for you. Poe is a master of atmosphere, irony, and double meanings. While his language can be hard to follow without a thesaurus, the flow of his sentences will suck you into the story and all its horror. Content Notice for animal lovers: The narrator is  explicitly cruel  to cats in this story  Ã°Å¸Ëœ ¦ 2. A Jury of Her Peers The Feminist Murder Mystery Author:  Susan Glaspell Published:  1917 Reading time:  20 minutes Readability:  9th Grade Set in rural Iowa (where Glaspell is actually from), the story follows Martha Hale to the scene of a murder. Minnie Wright, a sweet, fragile girl Martha knew in her childhood, has been accused of murdering her husband, John. Accompanied by her husband, the sheriff, and the sheriff’s wife Mrs. Peters, Mrs. Hale goes to the Wright house to uncover the truth and finds that things are not as they seem to be. Why should you read this? If you love murder mysteries and women sticking it to the man, this is your story. This story explores sexism with its folksy, relatable, and heartbreaking tone. As the women pull back the layers of Minnie’s life and discover the truth of what happened, you will cringe, flinch, rage, and cry. See if you can solve the mystery before Mrs. Hale does. 3. The Lady with the Pet Dog The Seaside Love Story Author:  Anton Chekhov Published:  1903 Reading time:  35 minutes Readability:  8th Grade This is the story of a jaded â€Å"lady-killer’s† path to falling in love. But, before you roll your eyes and move on, this is a different take on what might look like a common tale. Unlike other romantic heroes, Chekhov’s Dmitri does not undergo a remarkable transition or redemption because of his love. Instead, Chekhov presents a realistic figure of a man in love that offers an un-romanticized version of this unconventional relationship. The lack of moral judgement, redemption, or glorification allows the story to focus on the intense love between the two main characters, which in turn makes it the most romantic of love stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Why should you read this? For those of you who like forbidden-love stories with a hint of adultery, prepare your tissues. You may not always love Dmitri and his perspective on women and love, but the raw and very realistic portrayal of a couple who are caught off guard by love will make you empathize with them and all of their flaws. Watch how the POV of the narrator changes over the course of the story- its the key to the story’s most bitter-sweet revelation. 4. The Canterville Ghost The Comedic Ghost Story Author:  Oscar Wilde Published:  1887 Reading time:  50 minutes Readability:  12th Grade This is not your typical ghost story. The ghost who haunts the Canterville manner is crotchety, dramatic, and theatrical. But when his antics are thwarted by a very practical American family, his skittish and melancholic nature is comically revealed. Why should you read this? If you love all things absurd and macabre, this one’s for you. Wilde perfectly combines horror with comedy to transform the horror-story villain into a laughable fool. You will experience the same surprise that the ghost feels when the family reacts benignly to headless hauntings, rattling chains, and bloodstained carpets. Though chances are you will laugh rather than throw a ghastly tantrum. 5. The Devil and Tom Walker The Deal-with-the-Devil Legend Author:  Washington Irving Published:  1824 Reading time:  23 minutes Readability:  7th Grade In this classic deal-with-the-devil (Faustian) story, Tom Walker sells his soul for wealth and power in his small Boston town. The devil, or â€Å"Old Scratch,† offers to give Tom access to the treasure of Captain Kidd, a pirate who buried his treasure in the swamp. Driven by greed and amorality, Tom accepts the trade only to discover, far too late, what he’s actually lost. Why should you read this? If you like Lemony Snicket, Doctor Faustus, and urban myths, this one is for you. Irving’s narrator creates reality out of fiction by posing as a researcher relating â€Å"true stories† from 18th-century New England. The fun of this tale is not just the story, but the narrator’s ability to mimic a legend. 6. The Garden Party The Coming of Age Myth Author:  Katherine Mansfield Published:  1922 Reading time:  23 minutes Readability:  9th Grade Young Laura helps her mother set up for an extravagant garden party in New Zealand. When they hear of a neighbor’s unfortunate accident and death, Laura experiences sympathy for the man and is sent down the hill into the dark, ominous neighborhood of the working class to express her family’s condolences. Why should you read this? If you love 1920s dialect and Greek mythology, you will LOVE this story. This story doubles as a retelling of Persephone’s journey to the underworld. Mansfield includes so many subtle and overt references to the myth that you might miss them if you aren’t careful. See if you can catch them all, or use the annotations to appreciate Mansfield’s brilliance. Happy reading!

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essays

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essays To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to tale place. The activation energy is the amount of energy needed for molecules to react when they collide. Molecules need to collide in order to react, this is known as the collision theory. When they collide they may not react as a certain amount of energy is required to break bonds, this energy is the activation energy.Enzymes are made of a long amino acid chain, within this some molecules are attracted to each other, so the chain folds in on itself to form a 3D shape.How enzymes are shaped.An area on the surface of the enzyme is known as the active site. This is where reactions take place to form or break down substances. Enzymes are specific which means a particular enzyme only works on one substance known as its substrate. For example, the substrate of amylase is starch and the substrate of lipase is fats. They only have one substrate because the act ive site is formed in a different shape for each enzyme, where only one substance can fit. The lock and key hypothesis states that the enzyme is like a lock which will only have one key.Lock and Key hypothesisThe substrate shown is the only substance that fits the enzyme. An enzyme substrate complex is the compound formed when the substrate is attached to the active site, it is only in this form for a short time while the substrate is being broken down.Enzymes can break own substances, known as catabolism, or can join substances together, known as anabolism. Together they form metabolism which is every chemical reaction in the body.catabolism and anabolism.Enzymes are affected by four factors which are1. Temperature2. pH3. Enzyme concentration4. Substrate concentrationA temperature increase gives ore energy to gives more energy to the substrate and the enzyme so they are more likely to collide and react. The frequency of the collisions with the right activation energy will increase so the rate of reaction will increase. The rate of increase is shown by a mathematical coefficient known as Q10, which states that a ten degree rise in temperture will cause the rate of reaction to approximately double. However at high temperatures enzymes will begin to denature. This means the attractions holding together the shape of the enzyme will begin to break so the active site loses its unique shape and is unable to react with its substrate. The optimum temperature for most enzymes is 37?C, after this they begin to denature. The enzymes in the body have this optimum temperature and the body has adapted to control its temperature so the enzymes are working at there best.Enzymes also have an optimum pH level, where they work best, any changes to this level will cause the enzymes to begin to denature.Pepsin works best in acidic conditions because it is used in the stomach along with stomach acid. Lipase works best in alkali conditions because it works with bile in the intestine s.Increasing the concentration of either the enzyme or the substrate will increase the number in the solution meaning there is more chance of collisions and reactions. There is a limit to the rate of reaction. For example if the enzyme concentration is increased from the same concentration of enzyme and substrate then the rate of reaction will not increase as there are not enough subsrate molecules to react with.HypothesisI predict that a rise in temperature will cause a rise in the rate of reaction until 40?C, after which enzymes will denature so the rate will fall. This will happen because a rise in temperature will mean the are moving faster and are more likely to collide with the catalase on the potato resulting in a greater frequency of collisions. A higher temperature will also mean more hydrogen peroxide molecules will have an energy above the activation energy, so there will be more collisions with the right activation energy. This will result in the rate of reaction increas ing.After 40?C the rate will fall because catalase will denature. His means the attractions between amino acid molecules in the enzyme will break and the enzyme will lose its shape. The active site of the enzyme changes so it can not break down hydrogen peroxide. As the temperature rises further the catalase will denature more quickly and the rate of reaction will fall further.A graph of rate of reaction against temperature may look like this.The rise of rate of reaction is governed by the Q10 coefficient, which states that a 10?C rise will result in an approximate double of the rate of reaction.MethodPreliminary work was undertaken to determine the amount of hydrogen peroxide and potato to use, and what temperature differences to use. The results are as follows;Volume of Hydrogen peroxide (ml)Length of Potato (cm)Temperature (?C)Volume of gas produced in 5 min (ml)112022202140322032401cm potato was too small to handle, and 2cm potato was not fully covered by 2cm3 hydrogen peroxide. So 2cm of potato was used with of hydrogen peroxide. There will not be enough time for all the experiments to be left for five minutes. So they will be left for four minutes, leaving enough time to complete all experiments.Pour 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide into a test tube, place this in a water bath of 20?C to warm up. Use a cork borer to retrieve a strip of potato from a potato, cut this to 2cm using a cutting board and a knife. Pour water into a beaker and place and measuring cylinder, full of water, into it, as shown below. Take care not to allow air into the cylinder. Place the end of a delivery tube into the measuring cylinder as shown below. Place the potato on the side of the test tube and close it with the bung of the delivery tube. Allow the potato to drop into the hydrogen peroxide, which should be the temperature of the water bath, and start a timer.Set up of equipmentAs oxygen is produced in the reaction it will displace the air trapped in the test tube, this will be forc ed through the delivery tube into the measuring cylinder. The air will rise to the top as the measuring cylinder is full of water and its volume can be measured. Take readings of gas produced every 30 seconds for four minutes.Repeat the experiment twice for reliability and verification of results. Conduct similar experiments with water bath temperatures of 10?C, 30?C, 40?C, 50?C, 60?C and 70?C. In each case make sure the temperature of the substrate has reached the temperature of the water bath before adding the potato.Other methods which can be used are counting the number of bubbles produced, this would not be accurate as the bubble sizes are not the same and the volume is not measured. Measuring the mass of the gas lost is a better method as readings on the scale will be accurate, however this would require equipment which is not available.To make the test fair all other factors affecting the rate of reaction must be kept constant. This includes surface area of the potato and the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. The experiment will be kept a fair test by:? Using the same length of potato, to keep the surface area constant,? Using the same volume of hydrogen peroxide,? Washing the test tube out with water and drying it, this will prevent concentration changes in hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same potato, as different potatoes will have different levels of catalase present,? Using the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same cork borer to cut the potato, to keep the surface area constant.The experiment will be safe by:? Always wearing safety goggles, as hydrogen peroxide an damage your eyes,? Not spilling the hydrogen peroxide as it is an irritant, and bleaches,? Taking care when cutting the potato,? Taking care when handling hot water.ResultsThe results obtained are as follows:There was not enough time to conduct two repetitions, however, one repetition was conducted. The rest of the method was followed as planned.1st Set of ResultsGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.100.200.400.100.100.20600.100.100.400.800.200.200.30900.100.200.601.300.300.400.301200.200.500.901.800.400.400.301500.200.501.102.200.400.400.301800.250.601.402.700.400.400.302100.300.701.603.000.600.400.302400.300.801.803.400.600.400.302nd Set of ResultsGas collected with (ml) the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.050.100.200.300.300.25600.050.050.200.600.350.400.25900.200.100.300.900.400.400.251200.100.200.601.300.450.400.251500.150.400.801.800.450.400.251800.200.451.002.200.450.400.252100.200.601.302.700.450.400.252400.300.701.603.000.450.400.25AveragesGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.080.150.300.200.200.23600.080.080.300.700.280.300.28900.100.150.451.100.350.400.281200.150.350.751.550.430.400.281500.180.450.952.000.430.400.281800.230.531.202.450.430.400.282100.250.651.452.850.530.400.282400.300.751.703.200.530.400.28Rate of reactionTemperature (?C)Total gas collected (ml)Rate of Reaction (ml/s)/103100.301.25200.753.13301.707.08403.2013.33500.532.19600.401.67700.281.15AnalysisThe amount of gas produced is proportional to the rate of reaction because if the rate of reaction doubles then twice as many reactions are occurring per second so the amount a gas produced is doubled. The rate of reaction can be found by dividing the gas produced by the time. This has been done in the results.From the graph of temperature against rate of reaction we can see the highest rate of reaction, of 0.013 /s, occurs at 40?C. The rate is slow, 0.00125 /s, at 10?C it then rises with temperature until it reaches its maximum at 40?C. This happens because at low temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has less energy a moves more slowly. It will collide with the catalase less often, meaning the frequency of collisions is low. They are less likely to have the right activation energy so there are less collisions resulting in reactions. This will mean the rate of reaction will be low. At higher temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has enough energy to reach its activation energy and it is also colliding more often, so the rate of reaction will be higher.After 40?C the rate of reaction falls , this is because the catalase begins to denature. When enzymes denature the attractions between amino acids in the enzyme break and the enzyme begins to return to its original shape. The shape of the active site also changes so it cannot break down the hydrogen peroxide.The rise in rate of reaction between 10?C and 40?C complies with the Q10 coefficient, as a 10?C rise causes the rate of reaction to approximately double. This can be shown by dividing the higher rate of reaction by the lower one. For example dividing the rate of reaction at 20?C by the rate of reaction at 10?C should give a figure close to 2.These figures are all close to 2, they will not be exact because Q10 is only an approximate and the results are not perfect .From the table of results showing the average volume of gas produced every 30 seconds we can see that at 50?C the enzymes denature within 2 minutes, as gas is no longer produced. This happens because the enzyme takes time to heat up, while it is still reacting with the substrate. Once it is heated to the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide not all the enzymes are denatured. At 60?C the potato is heated faster and it takes 90 seconds for the enzymes to denature, at 70?C the potato is heated even faster and it takes 30 seconds to denature.The results agree with my hypothesis because I have predicted that the rate of reaction will rise between 10?C and 40?C, and the rate will fall after 40?C. The graph obtained for the results is also similar to the one predicted, and the results seem to follow as predicted.From conducting the experiment and gathering data I can conclude that the rate of reaction between catalase and hydrogen peroxide rises as the temperature of the mixture rises. Th is happens until 40?C, after which the rate of reaction falls because the catalase begins to denature. When enzyme denature attractions between the amino acids break so the enzymes loses its shape. The active site will no longer have its unique shape and the enzyme will be unable to react with its substrate.This is because only the right active site shape can break down hydrogen peroxide, according to the lock and key hypothesis, which suggests the substrate, like a key, will only have one lock, enzyme, it fits into. The reaction follows Q10 until 40?C, because a 10?C rise will give enough energy to the substrate to increase the number of collisions and give more molecules the right activation energy to react when the collide. This will double the rate of reaction.Two anomalous results occurred during the experiment.1. During the repeat reading of the experiment at 10?C the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that of 120 seconds. This does not affect the analysis as the reading was ignored when taking averages.2. During the 50?C experiment the first time the volume of gas produced stopped increasing between 120 and 180 seconds. Gas was then released, it may have been trapped in the delivery tube. When drawing the best fit line this was taken into account, so it shouldnt affect the analysis.EvaluationThe experiment was conducted successfully, the results obtained indicates a clear pattern which can be used to draw and support a valid conclusion. The experiment could not be conducted as planned because there was not enough time to repeat each experiment twice. However, one repetition was conducted which did make the results more reliable.The results are reliable because the experiment was a fair test. This was done by keeping all variables constant. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was not changed, however, it did vary as it naturally decomposed into water and oxygen. It also decomposed more during the higher temperature experiments because the hydrogen p eroxide had more energy. This was a slight change and could not vary the volume of the gas produced significantly. The same volume oh hydrogen peroxide was used. The surface area of the potato was kept constant by using the same size cork borer and cutting it to the same size.The results are accurate because a narrow measuring cylinder was used, so the volume measured is more accurate. Hot and cold water were mixed to achieve accurate temperatures.An anomalous results occurred during the repeat reading of the 10?C experiment, the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that at 120 seconds. This reading was ignored when taking the average so It does not affect the analysis. It occurred because the measurement was misread, it may have been 0.1 cm3, instead of 0.2 cm3. Another anomalous result occurred during the first taking of the 50?C experiment, gas was released at 210 seconds when the experiment seemed to have stopped. The gas may have been trapped in the delivery tube and should hav e been released earlier in the experiment. This was taken into account when drawing the best fit line on the graph, so does not affect the analysis.The method used was good enough to achieve reliable readings , but it can be improved by measuring the mass of the gas lost, this would be more accurate as digital readings would be taken. Using a smaller frequency and a larger range of temperatures would give more evidence for the conclusion. However would require more time and equipment.Other improvements are, using thinner measuring cylinders, to measure out the hydrogen peroxide and the gas produced. Using a thermocouple thermometer to accurately measure the temperature. The hydrogen peroxide took time to heat up as the test tube is glass and is insulated. Using a better material would save time and would have allowed the plan to be completed. Using electronic equipment to take readings a exactly 30 seconds, would eliminate human error.Further work that would extend the investigation and give more evidence to the conclusion would be, to use different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and lengths of potato, to see how these affect the rate of reaction. Using other substances with catalase, like liver, to see how enzyme concentration affects the rate.

GLobal Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GLobal Warming - Research Paper Example That global warming has happened in the recent past is evident from the rise in the mean temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. Many ecosystems will be unable to adapt suitably to such rapid changes in climate and this will lead to extinction of some animal species. In addition to the impact on ecosystems, human agriculture, health and water resources are all being affected by global warming sparking wide spread apprehension across the globe. Scientists agree that human activities have led to release of green house gases that in turn are responsible for global warming during the last century. This has been especially marked during the last 50 years. As humans began to use petroleum and burn coal and oil to heat their cities and run their machines, levels of carbon dioxide have risen by almost 30%. The concentration of nitrous oxide and methane that are by products of farming, coming from rice fields and cattle have also risen by 10 – 15 %. In 2002 about 40% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions were a result of the burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation. Coal accounted for 93 percent of the emissions from the electric utility industry. Statistics show that of the total energy consumption in the US every year, almost 85 % comes from gas and petroleum products and coal. (American Gas Association) About 33% of U.S carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of gasoline in engines of cars and light trucks. Hence the second biggest sources of these green house gases are road vehicles and industries. Emissions from airplanes and buildings add their own percentages of Carbon Dioxide to the atmosphere and aid global warming. It has been found that water vapor in the atmosphere - a powerful greenhouse gas, has been increasing, due to warming caused by carbon dioxide, methane and other green house gases. Deforestation is yet another major cause of

Should Britain Adopt the Euro Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should Britain Adopt the Euro - Assignment Example This transformation has been successful in meeting its goal. Greece has since adopted the Euro while Sweden, Denmark, and Britain, the latter of which is not considered a European country, have not. Many legislators and economists have suggested that it is simply a matter of when, not if, the UK will adopt the Euro. This discussion examines the benefits the UK will retain when this eventually happens and answers the legitimate concerns of those opposed to the transformation. Certain indisputable results have occurred following the conversion to the Euro. It has eliminated the costs and risks involved when exchanging foreign currency with other counties of the EU and made more transparent the cost of products. By adopting the Euro, Britain would be allowed a place on the European Central Bank (ECB) board thus being able to participate in the economic policy of the EU.   This would enhance the political influence of the UK which in turn would produce beneficial long-term opportunities for its economy. According to many published studies conducted regarding the effect of the Euro, using a common currency has already proven to augment trade and competitiveness within the countries that use it. One study that measured the influence of the Euro on trade discovered â€Å"countries that share a common currency trade about three times as much as countries without a common currency† (Micco et al, 2003). It is clear that trade between Britain and EU countries would escalate if the same currency was used. Differences in types of money present barriers to trade because of the cost factors involved in converting it. Large corporations would save significant amounts and open up previously unfeasible opportunities of trade to smaller companies. Reducing the cost of trade will make Britain more competitive as companies will be able to charge less for products yet yield.